WHITEPAPERS
Crunchfish’s whitepapers provide deeper analytical context on the architectural, security, and governance considerations involved in enabling offline payments in digital money systems. These papers are best read as thematic analyses that complement the site’s architecture and role descriptions, rather than as specifications or step-by-step descriptions of the Crunchfish solution.
The whitepapers are organised by progressing from system architecture to security considerations and ecosystem-level scalability.
Architectural Foundations
These papers establish the system-level architecture and design principles required to deliver offline payment capability as governed public infrastructure.
• Immediate vs. Deferred Offline Modes: A Comparative Analysis for CBDC and Digital Payment Ecosystems (December 2025)
• Resilience, Privacy and Other Key Design Objectives in CBDC and Commercial Payment Networks and Applications (June 2025)
• Rethinking Offline Payments: A Groundbreaking Ecosystem Approach (May 2025)
• Function Before Form: Assumptions to Avoid When Designing Retail CBDC Systems (July 2024)
• A practical guide to offline payment design (January 2023)
Offline Security
These papers examine how security, trust, and assurance are maintained in offline payments across devices, execution environments, and existing payment ecosystems.
• Enabling Device-Agnostic Trusted Client Applications (June 2024)
• ACE the future of mobile card payments (April 2024)
• Offline payments for smartphones (February 2024)
• Ensuring trust in scalable offline solutions (November 2023)
• A practical guide to offline payment security (March 2023)
Scalability, Interoperability, & Privacy
These papers explore how offline capability can scale across providers and markets while preserving interoperability, privacy, and regulatory control.
• Privacy Considerations in CBDC Systems (May 2024)
• Scalability (September 2023)
• Privacy considerations (May 2023)
• Interoperability (June 2023)
